Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders among individuals with ovaries, especially those of reproductive age. It can affect fertility, appearance, and overall health, but with the right management, its impact can be minimized.

Definition

PCOS is a hormonal imbalance characterized by:

• Irregular or absent ovulation
• Elevated levels of male hormones (androgens)
• Enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts

It is a multisystem disorder affecting reproductive, metabolic, and psychological health.

Causes

The exact cause is unknown, but contributing factors include:

• Genetics: Family history of PCOS
• Insulin Resistance: Triggers excess androgen production
• Low-Grade Inflammation: May stimulate ovaries to produce androgens
• Hormonal Imbalance: Altered LH, FSH, or SHBG levels

Symptoms

• Irregular or missed periods
• Excessive facial or body hair (hirsutism)
• Acne or oily skin
• Scalp hair thinning
• Weight gain or obesity
• Dark skin patches (acanthosis nigricans)
• Infertility
• Depression or mood swings

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made using the Rotterdam Criteria (at least 2 of 3):

• Irregular or absent ovulation
• Excess androgens (clinical or lab findings)
• Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound

Other tools include blood tests (hormone levels, insulin, thyroid) and pelvic ultrasound.

Treatment

1. Lifestyle Changes

• Weight loss through diet and exercise
• Low-glycemic and anti-inflammatory diet

2. Medications

• Birth control pills: For regular periods and acne
• Metformin: For insulin resistance
• Clomiphene / Letrozole: To stimulate ovulation
• Anti-androgens: For hirsutism and acne

3. Surgery

Ovarian drilling (rarely used) to restore ovulation in select cases.

Complications

• Infertility
• Type 2 diabetes
• Sleep apnea
• Heart disease and hypertension
• Endometrial cancer
• Depression and anxiety

Prevention

PCOS can’t be completely prevented, but its effects can be minimized by:

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Eating a balanced, low-sugar diet
• Regular physical activity
• Avoiding smoking and alcohol
• Managing stress

Nursing Diagnosis

• Imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements
• Disturbed body image
• Ineffective coping related to chronic illness
• Risk for infertility
• Knowledge deficit regarding disease and management

Nursing Considerations

• Monitor weight, menstrual cycle, and mood
• Provide education on diet, exercise, and medications
• Support emotional well-being and body image
• Encourage regular health screenings
• Coordinate care with dietitians, endocrinologists, and OB/GYNs

Conclusion

PCOS is a lifelong condition, but with proper care and education, individuals can manage symptoms and reduce risks of long-term complications. Early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and supportive care are essential to improving quality of life.