Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, leading to partial or complete lung collapse.
Types
1. Primary Spontaneous (healthy individuals, blebs rupture)2. Secondary Spontaneous (underlying lung disease COPD, asthma)3. Traumatic (chest injury,...
Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures, particularly of the hip, spine, and wrist.
Causes /...
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes brain cells to deteriorate and die, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.
Causes of Alzheimer's Disease
👉Abnormal protein deposits: Beta-amyloid plaques and tau...
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) is the pressure within the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium, reflecting right ventricular preload (volume status) and venous return to the heart.
Normal Central Venous Pressure (CVP) Range
👉2–8 mmHg...
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Pathophysiology of Epilepsy
👉Seizures occur due to abnormal synchronous neuronal activity.
👉Excitation exceeds inhibition, leading to sudden...
Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness, often described as the feeling that you or your surroundings are moving when they are not. It is a symptom rather than a diagnosis itself and...
Fibroids, also called uterine fibroids or leiomyomas, are noncancerous (benign) growths of the uterus that often appear during a woman's childbearing years. They originate from the smooth muscle layer (myometrium) of the uterus.
Types of...
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding. They can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the...