Saturday, September 13, 2025

Pneumothorax: Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prevention Nursing Intervention

Pneumothorax A pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, leading to partial or complete lung collapse. Types 1. Primary Spontaneous (healthy individuals, blebs rupture)2. Secondary Spontaneous (underlying lung disease  COPD, asthma)3. Traumatic (chest injury,...

Osteoporosis Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prevention

Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures, particularly of the hip, spine, and wrist. Causes /...

Alzheimer’s Disease Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes brain cells to deteriorate and die, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. Causes of Alzheimer's Disease 👉Abnormal protein deposits: Beta-amyloid plaques and tau...

Central Venous Pressure (CVP): Physiology, Normal Value, Measurement, Nursing Consideration

Central Venous Pressure (CVP) is the pressure within the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium, reflecting right ventricular preload (volume status) and venous return to the heart. Normal Central Venous Pressure (CVP) Range 👉2–8 mmHg...

Epilepsy Major Types Top Causes & Symptoms Management

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Pathophysiology of Epilepsy 👉Seizures occur due to abnormal synchronous neuronal activity. 👉Excitation exceeds inhibition, leading to sudden...

Vertigo: Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness, often described as the feeling that you or your surroundings are moving when they are not. It is a symptom rather than a diagnosis itself and...

Fibroids: Types Causes Symptoms Treatment

Fibroids, also called uterine fibroids or leiomyomas, are noncancerous (benign) growths of the uterus that often appear during a woman's childbearing years. They originate from the smooth muscle layer (myometrium) of the uterus. Types of...

Hemorrhoids: Causes Symptoms Treatment

Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding. They can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the...