Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes brain cells to deteriorate and die, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.
Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease
👉Abnormal protein deposits: Beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles
👉Genetic factors: APOE-e4 gene
👉Age: Risk increases after age 65
👉Family history
👉Lifestyle factors: Poor diet, lack of exercise, cardiovascular issues
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease
👉Memory loss affecting daily life
👉Confusion with time/place
👉Difficulty completing familiar tasks
👉Language problems
👉Mood and personality changes
👉Poor judgment
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
👉Clinical assessment: Medical history, cognitive evaluation
👉Neurological exam
👉Cognitive tests: MMSE, MoCA
👉Imaging: MRI or CT to rule out other causes
👉Blood tests: To eliminate other conditions
👉CSF biomarkers (in advanced settings)
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Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease
👉No cure, only symptom management
👉Medications:
Cholinesterase inhibitors: Donepezil, Rivastigmine
NMDA antagonists: Memantine
👉Supportive therapies: Cognitive therapy, physical activity
👉Management of comorbidities: Hypertension, diabetes
Complications of Alzheimer’s Disease
👉Malnutrition and dehydration
👉Infections (e.g., pneumonia)
👉Falls and injuries
👉Wandering behavior
👉Depression and anxiety
👉Inability to perform ADLs (Activities of Daily Living)
Prevention
👉Healthy diet (Mediterranean)
👉Regular physical activity
👉Mental stimulation
👉Social engagement
👉Blood pressure and diabetes control
👉Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
Nursing Diagnosis for Alzheimer’s Disease
👉Impaired memory related to progressive neuronal degeneration
👉Risk for injury related to impaired judgment
👉Impaired verbal communication due to cognitive decline
👉Caregiver role strain due to increasing care demands
👉Self-care deficit related to cognitive and physical deterioration
Nursing Interventions for Alzheimer’s Disease
👉Maintain a safe environment (prevent falls, wandering)
👉Establish a structured daily routine
👉Use simple communication and calm tone
👉Encourage independence in ADLs
👉Provide emotional support to patient and caregivers
👉Educate family on disease progression and care techniques
👉Monitor nutritional intake and hydration
👉Collaborate with multidisciplinary team for holistic care
